M.Ed. Resource Guide - APPENDIX B: APA Supplemental Reference Guide

Written by Dr. Sherri L. Wynn
February 1, 2002


For Use by Faculty and Candidates in the M. Ed. Program
at Indiana Wesleyan University.

This guide is an attempt to answer the most common questions faced by students in the program.   For further information go to the library reference site at www.indwes.edu/academics/library/ocls/style_guide.html OR http://www. apastyle.org

 If you are writing for publication please consult the APA Manual, 5th edition.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

How to Format Assignments

Citing Print Sources:

         

In-Text Citations

Reference List

Citing Online/Electronic Sources:

          In-Text Citations

            References List

Citing Miscellaneous Sources:

          In-Text Citations

            Reference List

This APA Supplemental Reference Guide should be able to answer
the most commonly asked questions in the M.Ed. program at Indiana
Wesleyan University. In the event an answer cannot be found in this
guide, faculty and students are encouraged to consult the latest edition
of the APA Publication Manual or the APA web sites. 

This Guide is divided into the following major sections:

 


How to Format Assignments

1.   Margins should always be at least one inch on all sides.  If a page is set up for landscape rather than portrait, words should flow from left to right, as if the top margin of that landscaped page was serving as the left margin of a portrait page.

2.  Paragraphs must always contain more than one sentence; the first line of a paragraph should be indented. NO EXTRA SPACING should exist between paragraphs; instead, text should flow naturally from one paragraph to the next.

3.   Number words are generally written out for any number smaller than 10; the Arabic numbers less than 10 would be written as zero, one, two, and so on.  Numbers greater than 10 generally use only the Arabic form.  Please note that no apostrophe is used for plural Arabic numbers, such as 1990s or 1800s.

4.  Whenever possible, all assignments should be written in third person; all lit reviews are REQUIRED to be written in third person.  First person (I, me, my) is acceptable in certain circumstances, such as on reflective writing pieces; second person (you, your) is never used at the graduate level! 

5.   All text should be double-spaced. If extra spacing would improve the readability of the text, such as triple- or quadruple-spacing after headings, tables, and the like, the extra spacing is permitted.

6.  Long quotations over 40 words should be double-spaced, not single spaced; however, long quotations should be displayed in block form with additional ½ inch margins on either side of the block; the first line should NOT be indented.   If the long quotation is more than one paragraph in length, indent the first line of each paragraph an additional ½ inch from the left block margin. 

7.  Running headers for each page should include a short title and page number.

8. Each page should be numbered in simple Arabic script (that means regular numbers, no Roman numerals or anything fancy).  Page numbers should appear at the top right of each page at the end of the running header.

9.  The title page on individual assignments should have all text centered, and contain the title of the paper, the student's name and cohort number, the university's name and course number, and the date of submission. A sample is shown below.

Multicultural Diversity in the Classroom 1

Multicultural Diversity in the Classroom

Rosa M. Lanham
M.Ed. 207

Indiana Wesleyan University

EDU 545

January 30, 2003
 
 


10.       Article critiques should have the article citation given on the title page.  A sample is shown below

Challenges for Charter Schools     1

Challenges for Charter Schools

Nathan, J. (1998, March). Heat and light in the charter school movement. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(7), 499-505.

Rosa M. Lanham
M.Ed. 207
Indiana Wesleyan University

EDU 545

February 7, 2003
 
 

 

11.       Group papers should list the names of all group members on the title page.  A sample is shown below.

Literature-Based Curriculum 1

Is a Literature-Based Curriculum Needed for Today's Schools?

Thomas C. Beniker
Rosa M. Lanham
Marie L. Mace
Paul I. Wuensch
M.Ed. 207

Indiana Wesleyan University

EDU 545

February 14, 2003
 
 

 

12.       The Review of Literature is a document that synthesizes what current authors and researchers have to say about a given Unifying Assessment Project (UAP).  It will discuss some of the foundational premises for that UAP from five major perspectives: content standards, curriculum, assessment, instruction, and research. A sample title page for this lit review is shown below.

Curriculum Literature Review 1

A Curriculum Review of Literature and Research for the Unifying Assessment Project entitled
 "Project S.E.R.V.E. - Supporting  Excellence by Reinforcing Values in Education"

Rosa M. Lanham
M.Ed. 207

Indiana Wesleyan University

EDU 550

July 1, 2003
 
 

13.       Expert Reports  generally reflect only one chapter in an edited book, but they may sometimes be used with additional reference material as well. ALL references should be listed on the title page, using the same APA format used for Reference Pages (see the APA Supplemental Guide in Appendix B for correct format). An example of a title page using a chapter from a course textbook for an expert report is shown below.

Expert Report - School Finance           1

Expert Report on School Finance:  Equity or Disparity

Nelson, J.L., Palonsky, S.B., & Carlson, K. (Eds.).  (2000).Critical issues in education: Dialogues and dialectics) (4th ed.).  School finance: Equity or disparity (pp. 92-116).  Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Rosa M. Lanham
M.Ed. 207

Indiana Wesleyan University

EDU 545

January 30, 2003
 
 

Citing Print Sources

In-Text Citations (examples follow)

1. All ideas and quotations that do not originate with the student writer must be cited as such within the text; otherwise, charges of plagiarism may result. 

2. Periods are found after the parenthetical citation, not after the sentence that is being cited (see examples that follow).

3. Footnotes are generally not used in student papers; instead, the source is quoted immediately after the idea or quotation within that same paragraph.

4. If no date of publication is available, put (n.d.). where the date would normally appear.

5. When no author is listed, cite the first few words of the reference entry (which is usually the title of the work) and the year of publication.  If the source is a book, periodical, brochure, or report, italicize the title and use regular title case (as opposed to APA style in the reference entry). If it's an article or chapter title within a book, use double quotation marks.  For example:

"This activity book gives you some fun and important activities that will help prepare your child for success in school"
(Getting Your Child Ready for School, 1995, p. ii).

Brain-based education has both proponents and opponents ("A Plea for Informed Skepticism," 1999).

6. Generally speaking, the order of an in-text citation within the parenthesis is: (author's last name, comma, space, year of publication). Page numbers are also added after the year of publication for direct quotations: (author's last name, comma, space, year of publication, comma, space, p. #). If there is more than one author, separate the author's last names by a semi-colon then  type the "&" key.  For example:  (author's last name; space, author's last name; space, & author's last name, space, year of publication).  If a book has only two authors, simply separate the last names by the "&" key, followed by a comma and then the date of publication.   If the references has three or more authors, cite all authors the first time that reference occurs in the paper; after that, just use the first author's name followed by et. al. to remind the reader that there are more authors listed in the References section. If a journal article has a month/day date to go along with the publication year, put it immediately after the year, separated only by a comma.  For example: (author's last name, comma, space, year of publication, comma, space, month OR month & date, depending on the reference).

7. Personal communications such as letters, memos, interviews, oral conversations, email messages and the like, are not considered permanent, recoverable data and so are never included in a Reference List.  They are, however, cited for in-text reference. Format would include the first initial(s) and last name of the person being referenced, followed by an exact a date as possible. For example:

S. L. Wynn (personal communication, July 9, 2002) stated that nearly every professional educational organization has compiled a list of standards to be achieved by members of that profession.

8.  Always strive for variety in the types of references used; use journals of research, online documents, textbooks, educational newspapers, and the like.  Try to utilize both professional literature and sound research articles.

9.  Long quotations are quotes over 40 words. Long quotations should be double-spaced and indented about ½ inch on both the left and right margins, with no quotation marks used. If the long quotation includes multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph an additional ½ inch from the left block margin. The appropriate citation should then be listed under the quote, flush right.

10. Direct quotes ALWAYS need a page number within the reference. Remember to put three periods (ellipsis points) whenever a portion of a direct quotation has been omitted.  For example:

Student preferences for extraversion can easily translate into learning experiences. "The teacher creates a classroom in which extraverts have some opportunity to talk and discuss, to present their ideas, and to move" (Mamchur, 1996, p. 12).

Student preferences for extraversion can easily translate into learning experiences where the teacher "creates a classroom in which extraverts.talk and discuss." (Mamchur, 1996, p. 12).

11.  Ideas are often summarized in one or more sentences; at the end of the main idea or thought being summarized, the source(s) for that idea must be cited.  For example:

Understanding the implications of current brain research can lead to more learner-friendly classrooms.  Sylwester (1995) synthesizes medical knowledge about the physiological aspects of the human brain in an effort to help educators discover useful applications for brain theory and research in their own classrooms. In addition to information about brain biology, many authors also discuss the role of emotion, memory, and recall as important elements in the learning environment (Jensen, 1998; Sprenger, 1999; Costa & Kallick, 2000; Brandt, 1998; Campbell & Campbell, 1999).  Five primary types of memory have been identified in learners:  semantic, episodic, procedural, automatic, and emotional (Sprenger, 1999).

12. When multiple ideas or quotations are used from the same source within the same paragraph, that source only needs to be cited once (unless a direct quote is used after the initial citation in that paragraph - in that case, only the page number is needed as a citation for that quotation). For example:

Student cultural experiences and learning styles affect student performances in the classroom.  Guild and Garger (1998) describe the sources of that culture and style in a child's life from multiple perspectives such as learner profiles, direct discussions, and research studies.  Understanding these perspectives is a key predictor of teacher effectiveness, particularly when issues of accommodating diversity arise.  "In the classroom, teachers regularly confront issues of equity ." (p. 19).

Citing Print Sources

Reference List (examples follow)

1.  Page numbers are only needed for periodicals and/or journal entries, not books.

2.  Entries are alphabetized by the authors' last names. If a work has no author, use the first main word in the title, and fit it into the appropriate alphabetical slot. If the same author co-authors books with different writers, follow the standard rules for alphabetizing:  once the first word (in this case the first author's last name) is in place, alphabetize the second word (in this case, the next author's last name) and so on.

3.  Entries with the same author are listed with the earliest publication date first; for example, a book written in 1981 would be listed before a book written in 1997 if they were both written by the same author. Entries by one author precede entries made by the same author when he/she is also cited in a multiple-author entry.  For example, if an author writes a book by him/herself, it would be listed before an entry where that same author co-authored a book with another writer. 

4.  Indent all but the first line of an entry; the first line should be flush with the left margin.  This type of entry is called a hanging indent. Double-space within and between entries.  DO NOT leave extra spaces between entries. The entire page should look like simple, double-spaced text.

5. The Reference List is placed at the end of the paper.

6.  Sources to include as entries are any sources that are actually cited in the paper, with the exception of personal communications (refer to "In-text Citations" for the proper format of citing personal communications). These MUST be listed as a complete entry in the reference list. Always strive for variety in the types of sources used.

7. Generally speaking, titles of books and the names of periodicals and journals are placed in italics, not underlined. Quotation marks are NOT used for article titles. The order of items found in an book entry is usually as follows:

Author's last name, comma, space, author's first name's initial, period, space, date of publication in parentheses, period, space, title (italicized - only the first word in a title, plus the first word after a colon or dash in that title, are capitalized - all others remain lower case except for proper names of people, countries, etc.), period, space, city of publication, colon, space, name of publisher, period.  See samples below.

The order of items found in a journal entry is usually as follows:

Author's last name, comma, space, author's first name's initial, period, space, date of publication in parentheses (year followed by a comma, space, then the month or month and day, as needed), period, space, title (only the first word in a title, plus the first word after a colon or dash in that title, are capitalized - all others remain lower case except for proper names of people, countries, etc.), period, space, name of journal (in proper title case and italicized), comma, space, volume number (also italicized), issue number in parentheses (with no space between the volume number and the first parenthesis mark, however, the issue number is NOT italicized), space, page numbers of that article (the small letter "p" and "pp" are only used for newspaper articles, not journals or magazines - simply list the page numbers in their entirety), period.  (Note: If the entry is an electronic source, be sure to follow those guidelines as shown in the next section of this APA Supplemental Reference Guide.)

8. Book with one author - for example:

Brandt, R. (1998). Powerful learning.  Alexandria, VA:  Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

9. Book with multiple authors - for example:

Cunningham, P.M., & Allington, R. L. (1994). Classrooms that work. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.

10.  Book that has a two-part title AND is not the first edition - for example:

McCoy, K. M. (1995). Teaching special learners in the general classroom: Methods and techniques (2nd ed.). Denver: Love Publishing Company.

11. Book that has been edited - for example:

Costa, A. L., & Kallick, B. (Eds.). (2000). Discovering and exploring habits of mind.  Alexandria, VA:  Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

12. Chapter in an edited book - for example:

Tishman, S. (2000). Why teach habits of mind?  In A. L. Costa & B. Kallick (Eds.).  Discovering and exploring habits of mind (pp. 41-52).  Alexandria, VA:  Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

13. Journal article, one author - for example:

Stake, R. (1999, May). The goods on American  education.  Phi Delta Kappan, 80(9), 668 - 672.

**NOTE:  For more than one author, follow the same format as multiple authors of a book.

14. Newspaper article  (if it's a letter to the editor or a commentary, put that notation in square brackets after the title)- for example:

Gates, H. L., Jr. (2000, January 12). Black to the future:  Will 21st century segregation be digital? [Commentary]. Education Week, p. 72, continued on p. 35.

**NOTE: If a newspaper has section and page numbers, list those as well, such as B1, E4, and the like.  For more than one author, follow the same format as multiple authors of a book.

Citing Online/Electronic Sources

In-Text Citations (examples follow)

1. Follow the same author/date format as described in Citing Print Sources.

2.  For direct quotations, cite page numbers whenever these are given.  Sometimes an online source will number the paragraphs instead of the pages. In that case, use the paragraph number.  If neither the page number nor the paragraph number is available (some browsers do not make these numbers visible to the reader), it is permissible to quote directly by giving the source and the location of the quote within the document.  For example:

"In an age now driven by the relentless necessity of scientific and technological advance, the current preparation that students in the United States receive in mathematics and science is, in a word, unacceptable" (A Report to the Nation., 2000, Executive Summary section, para. 1).

3. Email messages from individuals, along with any other type of personal communication such as telephone calls or conversations are considered to be personal communications.  That type of data is not recoverable by anyone else, so that information is cited ONLY in-text as appropriate, NEVER in the bibliography section of a paper.  The date of that communication is very important. After quoting directly or stating the main idea of an email message, for example, the citation would look like this:

(N.G. Saunders, personal communication, April 15, 2001).

4. To cite an entire web site, but not a specific document from that site, the address of the site should be given as an in-text citation only. No reference entry would be made in the Reference List section.  The example given on the APA web site on February 10, 2000, was:

Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive Web site for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).

Citing Online/Electronic Sources

Reference List (examples follow)

1. The order for items found in an online electronic database MUST include the date of retrieval, since items online frequently change and sites can move or even be deleted. CD-Rom databases, however, remain fixed, so no retrieval date is necessary for those reference citations.  For up-to-date information regarding electronic citations, the APA web site includes many examples, and can be found at: http://www.apastyle.org

2.  Periods are NOT used at the end of online/electronic reference entries.

3. CD-ROM Database - items to be included are the source of retrieval, its release date, and its item number, if applicable.  The example given on the APA web site on February 10, 2000 was:

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1998, March). Encryptian: Impact on law enforcement.  Washington, DC:  Retrieved from SIRS database (SIRS Government Reporter, CD-ROM, Fall 1998 release)

4.  Abstract from an online database (like ERIC) - for example:

Hertling, E. (1999). Implementing whole-school reform.  ERIC Digest, 128, ERIC Identifier ED 454565.  Retrieved February 27, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed454565.html

Lindsey, G. (1998-1999, Winter). Brain research and implications for early childhood education. Childhood-Education, 75(2), pp. 97-100. Accession # EJ578051. Retrieved March 3, 2000, from ERIC database: http://webspirs3.silverplatter.com/cgi-bin/login/cgi

5. Article from an online magazine or journal- for example:

Scala, M. C. (n.d.). Is inclusion working in your school?  Creative Classroom Online.   Retrieved March 3, 2000 from http://www.creativeclassroom.org/nd99manage/index.html

Lynch, P. J. (2000, March). Curricular management of the Internet: Beyond the blocking solution.  T. H. E. Journal, 27(8).  Retrieved March 3, 2000, from http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2728.cfm

6. Article from an online document or report - for example:

A report to the nation from the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st Century. (2000, September 27). Retrieved on February 27, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/americacounts/glenn/report.pdf

7. Article from an online newspaper - for example:

Rose, M. (2000, March 1). Teaching tools. Education Week, 11(6), pp. 41-44.  Retrieved March 3, 2000 from http://www.edweek.org/tm/tmstory.cfm?slug=06teach.h11

Citing Miscellaneous Sources

In-Text Citations

  1. Follow the same rules for author and date format given in Citing Paper Sources.  Also include the band/track number on musical recordings in the same place that the page number would normally be found.  For example:

    (Goodenough, 1982, track 5).

Reference List (examples follow)

1. Television broadcast - the example given in the APA Publication Manual (5th Edition, p. 267) is as follows: (note that the producer is placed in the editor position)

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour.  New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

2.  Video Recording - be sure to list the type of medium in square brackets.

How the brain works while learning. (1999).  [video]. (Available from ASCD, 1250 N. Pitt Street, Alexandria, VA, 22314-1453).

3. Audio Recording - as shown in this example from the APA Publication Manual (5th Edition, p. 268):

Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988).  Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life  (Cassette Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC:  American Psychological Association.

4. Musical recording - be sure to put the medium of the recording in square brackets after the title, such as CD, record; cassette, etc.  The following two examples come from the APA Publication Manual (5th edition, p. 268):

Recording by the writer:
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall.  On Arkansas traveler [CD].  New York:  PolyGram Music.

Recording by an artist other than the writer:
Goodenough, J. B. (1982).  Tails and trotters [Recorded By G. Bok, A. Mayo, & E. Trickett].  On And so will we yet [CD].  Sharon, CT:  Folk-Legacy Records. (1990).

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